ADN: An Information-Centric Networking Architecture for the Internet of Things

Forwarding data by name has been assumed to be a necessary aspect of an information-centric redesign of the current Internet architecture that makes content access, dissemination, and storage more efficient. The Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) architectures are the leading examples of such an approach. However, forwarding data by name incurs storage and communication complexities that are orders of magnitude larger than solutions based on forwarding data using addresses. Furthermore, the specific algorithms used in NDN and CCNx have been shown to have a number of limitations. The Addressable Data Networking (ADN) architecture is introduced as an alternative to NDN and CCNx. ADN is particularly attractive for large-scale deployments of the Internet of Things (IoT), because it requires far less storage and processing in relaying nodes than NDN. ADN allows things and data to be denoted by names, just like NDN and CCNx do. However, instead of replacing the waist of the Internet with named-data forwarding, ADN uses an address-based forwarding plane and introduces an information plane that seamlessly maps names to addresses without the involvement of end-user applications. Simulation results illustrate the order of magnitude savings in complexity that can be attained with ADN compared to NDN.Comment: 10 page

“We make something with the flower, but feel like I make with myself something”: The role of a community arts project supporting women who have experienced human trafficking

Human trafficking can have multiple adverse effects on a victim's mental and physical health. The study explored how a small UK community arts project was experienced by individuals post-trafficking and the impact it had on well-being. Community-based participatory research was employed to increase understanding the experiences of six female participants taking part in a community arts project. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes of Authentic Care, Building Confidence, and Creative Expression were developed. Findings suggest the community arts organization played a vital role in supporting women to build trust and social connections, as well as to feel valued. Artistic activities helped participants express individuality, had therapeutic benefits, and provided motivation, routine, and space from worries. The role of community arts organizations is important in supporting individuals in the context of limited post-trafficking services

Getting to the point? Rethinking arrows on maps

Maps help to form public opinion and build public morale. When the war is over, they will contribute to shaping the thought and action of those responsible for the reconstruction of a shattered world. Hence it is important in these times that the nature of the information they set forth should be well understood (Wright, Citation1942: 527). Maps form an essential part of the language used to communicate conflict. They are used to plan military operations and to indicate their consequences to a wider audience by providing the visual basis for articulating the movement of troops, displaced populations and shifting territories between competing powers. Consequently, mapmakers draw from a well-used toolbox of symbols and techniques to describe the dynamic nature of war in familiar ways. For those maps designed for public consumption, which is our focus here, these methods often include broad, swooping arrows for representing movements of troops and displaced people, starburst or explosion symbols for battles and the use of strong colours for changes in territory. In many respects, mapmakers working in the news media conformed to these established cartographic norms when they first responded to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on 24th February 2022. However, unlike previous conflicts that have attracted global attention, their maps were subject to wider critique – particularly on social media – which brought into sharp focus the way that maps can communicate the consequences of war and prompted some cartographic innovation. The critique coalesced around two themes: first, how territory was being represented in terms of Russian gains (and therefore Ukrainian losses) during the first weeks of the conflict (see Fafinski, Citation2022); and second, how the huge exodus of Ukrainians from their country should be captured cartographically (see Cheshire, Citation2022). The latter, especially, prompted questions about the suitability of using arrows to indicate the flow of Ukrainian refugees to surrounding countries when arrows were being used simultaneously to indicate invading Russian troops. In this short paper, we aim to provide a critical examination of whether the arrow is fit for purpose in communicating the displacement of people as a direct result of conflict. Since arrows have become the go-to cartographic symbol for portraying movement, particularly as a result of war and other geopolitical events, we explore their origins and evolution on maps before discussing how arrows and their alternatives have been used in news media coverage of the war in Ukraine. We contend that critique and innovation is necessary for the development and use of more effective, and ultimately more appropriate, cartographic symbology

The Changing Narratives of Death, Dying, and HIV in the United Kingdom

Death and infection were closely linked from the start of the HIV epidemic, until successful treatments became available. The initial impact of mostly young, gay men dying from HIV was powerful in shaping UK responses. Neoliberal discourses developed at the same time, particularly focusing on how citizens (rather than the state) should take responsibility to improve health. Subsequently “successful ageing” became an allied discourse, further marginalising death discussions. Our study reflected on a broad range of meanings around death within the historical UK epidemic, to examine how dying narratives shape contemporary HIV experiences. Fifty-one participants including people living with HIV, professionals, and activists were recruited for semistructured interviews. Assuming a symbolic interactionist framework, analysis highlighted how HIV deaths were initially experienced as not only traumatic but also energizing, leading to creativity. With effective antiretrovirals, dying changed shape (e.g., loss of death literacy), and better integration of palliative care was recommended

The Effect of Multiple Tumours on Mammary Tumour Growth Rates in the C3H Mouse

Spontaneous and transplanted tumour growth rates studied in the C3H mouse have shown that when only one spontaneous tumour was present in one strain then the distribution of growth rates closely resembled that for first generation isotransplants of another strain. It was also shown that the number of spontaneous tumours (in the range one to four tumours) present on the mouse affected the tumour growth rate, i.e. the more tumours per mouse, the slower the growth rate of the earliest tumour. This factor might partly account for the discrepancy between human tumour growth rates (normally determined when many tumours are present in the patients) and the faster tumour growth rates observed in experimental animals, in which normally only single tumours are present

Detecting Address Uncertainty in Loyalty Card Data

There is a fundamental need to better appreciate the dynamics and uncertainty of large consumer datasets, particularly if they are to be utilised to model social and geographical phenomena. This research, the first to utilise a major UK retailer’s loyalty card dataset, presents a novel data-driven approach for quantifying uncertainty in consumer addresses. Uncertain cases were identified through the linkage of locational and behavioural attributes and consumer mobility patterns recorded at a small area level. Such methods are not only important for the reliable adoption of large commercially generated datasets in research, but also for retailers if utilising this information to inform location-based marketing strategies. Results are contextualized with dynamics in the general population, demonstrating comparable relationships with Census migration patterns

The Surname Space of the Czech Republic: Examining Population Structure by Network Analysis of Spatial Co-Occurrence of Surnames

In the majority of countries, surnames represent a ubiquitous cultural attribute inherited from an individual's ancestors and predominantly only altered through marriage. This paper utilises an innovative method, taken from economics, to offer unprecedented insights into the “surname space” of the Czech Republic. We construct this space as a network based on the pairwise probabilities of co-occurrence of surnames and find that the network representation has clear parallels with various ethno-cultural boundaries in the country. Our inductive approach therefore formalizes a simple assumption that the more frequently the bearers of two surnames concentrate in the same locations the higher the probability that these two surnames can be related (considering ethno-cultural relatedness, common co-ancestry or genetic relatedness, or some other type of relatedness). Using the Czech Republic as a case study this paper offers a fresh perspective on surnames as a quantitative data source and provides a methodology that can be easily incorporated within wider cultural, ethnic, geographic and population genetics studies already utilizing surnames.</p

Deriving retail centre locations and catchments from geo-tagged Twitter data

This investigation offers an initial foray into the application of geo-tagged Twitter data for generating insights within two areas of retail geography: establishing retail centre locations and defining catchment areas. Retail related Tweets were identified and their spatial attributes examined with an adaptive kernel density estimation, revealing that retail related Twitter content can successfully locate areas of elevated retail activity, however, these are constrained by biases within the data. Methods must also account for the underlying geographic distribution of Tweets to detect these fluctuations. Additionally, geo-tagged Twitter data can be utilised to examine human mobility patterns in a retail centre context. The catchments constructed from the data highlight the importance of accessibility on flows between locations, which have implications for the likely commuting choices that may be involved in retail centre journey decision-making. These approaches demonstrate the potential applications for less conventional datasets, such as those derived from social media data, to previously under-researched areas